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        <p>c++, add c-note</p>
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<h3 id="从c继承来的c标准库"><a href="#从c继承来的c标准库" class="headerlink" title="从c继承来的c标准库"></a>从c继承来的c标准库</h3><p>可以直接使用c标准库，使用<code>#include &lt;math.h&gt;</code>方式引入，<br>c++为此单独创建了一个cmath文件，可以使用<code>#include &lt;cmath&gt;</code>方式引入。<br>考虑到c++支持函数重载，所以不必再像c中那样要为同一个功能的函数提供多种参数类型的函数名后缀定义。</p>
<p>与’C标准库-note’记录对比，继承并自行创建的头文件：<br>cassert, cctype, climits, cfloat, cmath, cstring, ctime, cstdio, cstdlib<br>可以分为_STD和_CSTD。<br>这里再扩充一个后来c标准新增的头文件</p>
<figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// cstdint, stdint.h</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">signed</span> <span class="keyword">char</span>        <span class="keyword">int8_t</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">short</span>              <span class="keyword">int16_t</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">int</span>                <span class="keyword">int32_t</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">long</span>          <span class="keyword">int64_t</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">define</span> INT8_MIN         (-127i8 - 1)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">define</span> INT16_MIN        (-32767i16 - 1)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">define</span> INT32_MIN        (-2147483647i32 - 1)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">define</span> INT64_MIN        (-9223372036854775807i64 - 1)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">define</span> INT8_MAX         127i8</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">define</span> INT16_MAX        32767i16</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">define</span> INT32_MAX        2147483647i32</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">define</span> INT64_MAX        9223372036854775807i64</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="c-STD的其他内容"><a href="#c-STD的其他内容" class="headerlink" title="c++ STD的其他内容"></a>c++ STD的其他内容</h3><p>c++标准库主要包含3部分： STL、IO流及本地化、C的函数库。<br>STL可分为容器(containers)、迭代器(iterators)、空间配置器(allocator)、配接器(adapters)、算法(algorithms)、仿函数(functors)六个部分。<br>容器部分主要由头文件vector,list,deque,set,map,stack和queue组成。</p>
<h4 id="字符串库"><a href="#字符串库" class="headerlink" title="字符串库"></a>字符串库</h4><figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">&lt;string&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">template</span>&lt;<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">CharT</span>, <span class="title">class</span> <span class="title">Traits</span>=<span class="title">std</span>:</span>:char_traits&lt;CharT&gt;, <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Allocator</span>=<span class="title">std</span>:</span>:allocator&lt;CharT&gt; &gt; <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">basic_string</span>;</span></span><br><span class="line">CharT - 字符类型</span><br><span class="line">Traits - 指定字符类型上操作的特性类</span><br><span class="line">Allocator - 用于分配内部存储的分配器 (Allocator) 类型</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> basic_string&lt;<span class="keyword">char</span>, char_traits&lt;<span class="keyword">char</span>&gt;, allocator&lt;<span class="keyword">char</span>&gt; &gt; <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> basic_string&lt;<span class="keyword">wchar_t</span>, char_traits&lt;<span class="keyword">wchar_t</span>&gt;, allocator&lt;<span class="keyword">wchar_t</span>&gt; &gt; wstring;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> basic_string&lt;<span class="keyword">char16_t</span>, char_traits&lt;<span class="keyword">char16_t</span>&gt;, allocator&lt;<span class="keyword">char16_t</span>&gt; &gt; u16string;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> basic_string&lt;<span class="keyword">char32_t</span>, char_traits&lt;<span class="keyword">char32_t</span>&gt;, allocator&lt;<span class="keyword">char32_t</span>&gt; &gt; u32string;</span><br><span class="line">成员函数：<span class="keyword">operator</span>[], c_str(), size(), clear(), insert(), erase(), resize()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 返回str在字符串中第一次出现的位置（从index开始查找）。如果没找到则返回string::npos</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">size_type <span class="title">find</span><span class="params">( <span class="keyword">const</span> basic_string &amp;str, size_type index )</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 查找在字符串中第一个与str中的某个字符匹配的字符，返回它的位置。从index向后开始，如果没找到就返回string::npos</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">size_type <span class="title">find_first_of</span><span class="params">( <span class="keyword">const</span> basic_string &amp;str, size_type index = <span class="number">0</span> )</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 在字符串中查找最后一个与str中的某个字符匹配的字符，返回它的位置。从index开始向前搜索，如果没找到就返回string::npos</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">size_type <span class="title">find_last_of</span><span class="params">( <span class="keyword">const</span> basic_string &amp;str, size_type index = npos )</span></span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h4 id="输入-输出库"><a href="#输入-输出库" class="headerlink" title="输入/输出库"></a>输入/输出库</h4><figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// C++ 包含两个输入输出库：现代的基于流的IO库 和 C风格IO函数的标准集合。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> basic_istream&lt;<span class="keyword">char</span>&gt;         istream;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> basic_ostream&lt;<span class="keyword">char</span>&gt;         ostream;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> basic_ifstream&lt;<span class="keyword">char</span>&gt;       ifstream;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> basic_ofstream&lt;<span class="keyword">char</span>&gt;       ofstream;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> basic_istringstream&lt;<span class="keyword">char</span>&gt;     <span class="built_in">istringstream</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> basic_ostringstream&lt;<span class="keyword">char</span>&gt;     <span class="built_in">ostringstream</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// file</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span>* data = <span class="string">"he"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">std</span>::fstream afile;</span><br><span class="line">afile.open(filename, <span class="built_in">std</span>::ios::out | <span class="built_in">std</span>::ios::binary | <span class="built_in">std</span>::ios::app);</span><br><span class="line">afile &lt;&lt; data;</span><br><span class="line">afile.write(data, <span class="built_in">strlen</span>(data));</span><br><span class="line">afile.close();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">char</span>* buffer = <span class="literal">nullptr</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">std</span>::fstream afile;</span><br><span class="line">afile.open(filename, <span class="built_in">std</span>::ios::in | <span class="built_in">std</span>::ios::binary | <span class="built_in">std</span>::ios::ate);</span><br><span class="line">readsize = afile.tellg();</span><br><span class="line">buffer = (<span class="keyword">char</span>*)<span class="built_in">malloc</span>(<span class="keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="keyword">char</span>) * (readsize + <span class="number">1</span>));</span><br><span class="line">afile.seekg(<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="built_in">std</span>::ios::beg);</span><br><span class="line">afile.read(buffer, readsize);</span><br><span class="line">buffer[readsize] = <span class="string">'\0'</span>;</span><br><span class="line">afile.close();</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h4 id="容器"><a href="#容器" class="headerlink" title="容器"></a>容器</h4><figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// &lt;vector&gt;,&lt;list&gt;,&lt;deque&gt;,&lt;set&gt;,&lt;map&gt;,&lt;stack&gt;,&lt;queue&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h4 id="算法"><a href="#算法" class="headerlink" title="算法"></a>算法</h4><figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 算法库提供大量用途的函数（例如查找、排序、计数、操作），它们在元素范围上操作。算法库提供大量用途的函数（例如查找、排序、计数、操作），它们在元素范围上操作。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 不修改序列的操作</span></span><br><span class="line">for_each, find, search</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 修改序列的操作</span></span><br><span class="line">copy, move, fill, remove, swap, reverse</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 排序操作</span></span><br><span class="line">sort, stable_sort</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 其他</span></span><br><span class="line">merge, includes, make_heap, max, min, equal</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h4 id="其他"><a href="#其他" class="headerlink" title="其他"></a>其他</h4><p>正则表达式库，线程支持库，原子操作库，c++17开始支持的文件系统库。</p>

      
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            <ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#从c继承来的c标准库"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">从c继承来的c标准库</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#c-STD的其他内容"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">c++ STD的其他内容</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#字符串库"><span class="toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">字符串库</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#输入-输出库"><span class="toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">输入/输出库</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#容器"><span class="toc-number">2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">容器</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#算法"><span class="toc-number">2.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">算法</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#其他"><span class="toc-number">2.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">其他</span></a></li></ol></li></ol>
        
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